Cardiac Muscle vs. Skeletal and Smooth Muscle (Discussion points)
Cardiac Muscle vs. Skeletal and Smooth Muscle (Discussion points)
Electrophysiologic changes during the cardiac cycle (Figure 1)
The Five Phases of Myocardial Cell Electrophysiology (a listing of events in Fig. 1)
The Three Slow Channel states (Figure 2)
Na and Ca gates opening / closing in follower cells (Table 1)
The Various Cell Ion Pumps (Figure 3)
The Fast Na and Slow Ca Channels (Figure 4)
Na and Ca gate opening / closing in S-A nodal & A-V nodal cells (Table 2)
Changes in Transmembrane Potential in Various Myocardial Cells (Figure 5)
Mechanisms for Changing Pacemaker Cell Automaticity
Factors Determining Action Potential Conduction Velocity
Factors Affecting AV Junction Conduction
The Cardiac Muscle Contraction Cycle
Various Conditions of Muscle Contraction
Isometric and Isotonic Muscle Twitches (Figure 6)
Comparing Isometric and Isotonic Contractions
Effects of Afterload and Preload on Velocity of Shortening (Figure 8)
Effect of Preload on Isometric Twitch Tension (Figure 9)
Velocity of Shortening vs. Afterload (Figure 10)
Length-Tension Curves for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle (Figure 11)
Effects of Afterload on Shortening Velocity
Effects of Increased Inotropicity
Factors Affecting Cardiac Muscle Inotropic State (Table 3)
Norepinephrine's Effect on Isometric Twitches Tension (Figure 12)
Norepinephrine's Effect on Velocity of Shortening (Figure 13)
The Bowditch Effect (Treppe, Staircase) (Figure 14)
Summary: Mechanisms for Altering Tension in Cardiac vs Skeletal Muscle (Figure 7)